World Religions Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

World Religions Report - Essay Example Marriage of non-Filipinos to those belonging in Iglesia families is just one of the examples of how those comprising the minority of the Iglesia population have been involved in the religion (Catholic Answers, 2004). Despite the widespread estimate of the number of the constituents (which is between three million and ten million including those outside the Philippines), the Iglesia conceals their real population. It has a larger population than the more known Jehovah’s Witnesses, which also assert their being the genuine Church of Christ (Catholic Answers, 2004). Indeed, unlike most of the other cults which have Western origins, Iglesia ni Kristo (INC) or the Church of Christ has its roots from the Philippines with Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) describing it as indigenous. Historically, it was a small church founded by Felix Manalo in July 27, 1914 (Elesterio, 1988). Thus, he was considered by his followers as the messenger of God. After the fast expansion 1945, the number of members reached the 600,000 mark by the end of the 20th century (â€Å"Iglesia ni Kristo†, 2007). This has also led to the building of chapels throughout the country and to their being a well-heeled federal religious organization. However, the foundation of INC was not an easy task; it was a great struggle for Manalo. Yet, Harper (2001) noted that one thing is certain: preliminary association with the Bible pushed him to impugn what has been taught to him regarding religion and God in the Roman Catholic Church. According to her research, Manalo had joined other religious groups before he finally established INC. At the age of 18, it was found out that he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church where he trained about the Bible and become a lay preacher. At 22, he also studied with the Presbyterians and joined Mision Cristiana, the Christian Mission of the

Health Problems as a Result of Environmental Crisis Essay Example for Free

Health Problems as a Result of Environmental Crisis Essay Given that I work in an Emergency Department, the usual encounters we have involves health problems. However, in the past months and last year, people that we encounter are those of with fever and flu. Some diseases were also frequent. Diseases that arouse were usually an effect of a downfall in body’s immune system. This has happened when the extreme changes in environmental climate took place. As a result of the fast growing effects of global warming, the weather has extreme changes within a day. The extreme cold and hot weather that occurs in twenty-four hours has a bad effect on body temperature. The tremendous  Ã‚   changes weaken the body since the type of climate that occurs does not match the survival qualifications of human. In order to be involved in this issue, I suggest that the Emergency Department lead a program awareness to fight global warming, deal with its effects, and how to be healthy during the experience of its effects. On the other hand, I can be of help to if I encourage friends and families to practice activities or home choirs that will help lessen climate change. Like, use products with Energy Star seal, this is product lessen greenhouse effect and air pollution. Also, saving energy thru maintenance and cleaning of heating and cooling equipments used in our homes. I can also save energy by using green power, where the energy is from the sun and the wind. Frugality not just in money can help deal with climate change. For example, recycling materials we use at home   and buying new stuff as a product of recycling. Another way to conserve energy is by taking public transportation in routinely going to work or school. Or maintaining the efficiency of your car so it will not emit high amounts of greenhouse emissions. In offices, power management features should be discussed with the employees especially those workers who operate machineries. With this adjustments in our daily lives, we can help fight climate change and also save the world. Reference Climate Change – What You Can Do. January 28, 2008 retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/office.html

History of Hauora Maori Trends and Paradigms

History of Hauora Maori Trends and Paradigms Student Name: YI LI Student ID: 12010316 Assessment Task 1 – Plan and Research of Hauora Maà ¶ri Trends and Paradigms from 1919 to the present day a) Introduction The research is investigated the trend of Maà ¶ri health which included the paradigms of cancer, obesity and diabetes in from 1919 to the present day. Maà ¶ri had the higher risk of suffering from these health diseases than non-Maà ¶ri population in Te Tai Tkerau (Northland). There is variety factors would affect these health issues, including cultural and historical socio-economic status, geographical place of residence, ethnic identity. According to Maà ¶ri concept, Hauora is a Maà ¶ri philosophy of health and well-bing unique to New Zealand, which include four accept: Physical Wellbeing, Mental and Emotional wellbeing, Social Wellbeing and Spiritual wellbeing. The purpose of the research was to identify the traditional approaches to Hauora, the issues of access to primary and secondary health service. To analysis the health service system in recent years of Te Tai Tkerrau area. b) Methodology Results of interview with local iwi, hapu and whanau The interview was holding on 1st October 2013 which included 10 Maà ¶ri who is suffering breast cancer, diabetes and obesity. Before the interview, the researcher was calling to explain the research and the purpose of the interview, communicating the plan and related details for the interview and other whanau members. A powhire was present. Then whaikorero was followed the karanga. A waiata was sung after each whaikorero by the group of the orator represents. Koha were exchanged between researcher and leader. Then was hongi and shared hakari. Notes were taken during the interview. Ethical and cultural considerations within a Hauora context Researcher understands the importance determining and meeting cultural requirements, relevant legislation, and ethical practice. Request the permission of the leader and future support. An appointment was made before the interview. Mihi and pepeha were performed. Private information of the participants was kept confidentiality, their name, pictures, and interview notes and so on. Available recourses Had interview with Whanau leader and members Marae visit Social Work Maà ¶ri tutor guidance Access to Northland District Health Board website Data collection Online research Online research is a major variety of literature for the study of research methods. The researcher research the main cause of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. As well as analysis the manifestations of three diseases. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis is for data collection, collation summary. To identify the Hauora Maà ¶ri trends of the three different diseases. The data for this is from the New Zealand Health Survey, conducted for the Ministry of Health. The paradigm is draw up to show compare the data between Maà ¶ri, Pacific and Non-Maà ¶ri and Non-Pacific who were living Te Tai Tokerau (Northland), during the 1980 to present day. Document analysis Document analysis mainly refers to the collection, identification, organize the literature, and through literature research, scientific understanding of the facts forming method. Therefore, the student researched the literature to find information about traditional approaches to hauora and issues of access to primary and secondary health services. Interview with the Whanau leader The five questions were asked which related to their recent health service provider as below: Are you satisfied with the current health services? Do you have family doctor? Have you seen your provider within the past 12 months? Do you usually going to a Maà ¶ri primary health provider first when unwell or injured? What different of health service between now and before? Tikanga Students used critical skills they had learned from discourse analysis to engage with participants’ talk. Acknowledging Tikanga helped the researcher to know the appropriate tikanga for a situation in order to make participant feel comfortable during the Hui. In addition, questions were designed and translated from English language to te reo MÄ ori me ngÄ  tikanga. c) Methodology According with Research Ethics and Tikanga Maà ¶ri Compete a literature review Literature review was conducted by researching for Hauora MÄ ori trends in Northland region. The information included diabetes, obesity and cancer. Sourcing of information Hapu leaders, whanau members, the internet, Tutors, lectures, document Procedures for recording and analyzing information Recording and analyzing were performed by notes, and computer. Maintained the quality of information with regards to recording of Ethnicity Recorded the consultation and discussion in where they took place. Presenting findings Findings were reported with evidences. Power point is needed Research findings are presented in papar. Assessment Task 2 – Analyze Research Regarding Hauora Maà ¶ri Trends and Paradigms from 1919 to the Present Day Cancer The cells of Cancer (Cancer Rates-Wairarapa DHB, 2010) Main cause of Cancer: The body in environmental pollution, chemical pollution Cancer is the bodys normal cells in a multi-cause, multi-stage and multiple mutations caused by a class of diseases. Cancer is not the definitive genetic disease, but there is growing evidence that cancer does have a genetic predisposition, have some genetic relationship Manifestations of Cancer are: Tumor: malignant proliferation of cancer cells are formed in the surface by hand or deep touch. Pain: pain often prompts cancer has entered the middle and late. Ulcers: Some cancer cancerous tissue growth surface quickly, nutrient supply, the resulting tissue necrosis. Bleeding: cancer vascular invasion or rupture of small blood vessels in cancer tissue generated. Obstruction: rapid growth of cancerous tissue caused by obstruction. Diabetes Diabetes is a group is characterized by high blood sugar metabolic diseases. Hyperglycemia is due to the biological effects of insulin secretion or impaired, or both causes. Longstanding diabetes high blood sugar , leading to a variety of organizations , especially the eyes , kidneys , heart, blood vessels, nerves , chronic damage , dysfunction . Main cause of Diabetes: Genetic factors Type 1 or type 2 diabetes are obvious genetic heterogeneity. The presence of diabetes onset familial tendency, 1/4 to 1/2 patients had family history of diabetes. Environmental factors Eating too much, reduced physical activity due to type 2 diabetes, obesity is the most important environmental factors that have type 2 diabetes, genetic predisposition morbidity. Type 1 diabetes patients immune system abnormalities, in some viruses such as Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, parotid gland virus infection causes an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin ÃŽ ² cells. Manifestations of Diabetes: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight loss Fatigue, weakness, obesity. More common in type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Photograph: Steven Puetzer/Getty Images, 2009) Main cause of Obesity: Obesity is body fat, particularly triglycerides (triglycerides) as a result of excessive accumulation of a state. Usually because food intake too much or cause a change in metabolism excessive accumulation of body fat, resulting in excessive growth of body weight and cause human path physiological changes. According to the different causes of obesity, obesity and obesity can be divided into two major categories of secondary obesity. No clear cause obesity may be related to genetics, diet and exercise habits and other factors. Manifestations of Obesity: Mental performance: Obesity can lead to anxiety, depression, guilt, and so bad attitude, and even hostility to others. Physical performance: such difficulty moving, panting, muscle fatigue, joint pain and swelling and other symptoms. The performance complication: Different complications have their corresponding manifestations. Such as headache, dizziness, daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, memory loss and other symptoms. Cancer For total population and Maà ¶ri, by cancerous person 1980-1999 December years in Northland For Maà ¶ri, pacific and Non-M Non-p, Age-sex standardized rates per 100,000, ages 25+ By cancer mortality, 1980-1999 December years in Northland and other island The above tables were draw up to show the trend of cancer and cancer mortality during the period in Northland. We can see from the first figure, cancer rates for Maà ¶ri are 16 per cent higher than non-Maà ¶ri at the beginning, and continue increase steadily. However both Maà ¶ri and non-Maà ¶ri cancer rates declined between1996 to 99. During the whole period, Maà ¶ri cancer rates always higher than non-Maà ¶ri group. In the second figure, the rate of cancer mortality of Maà ¶ri group is always higher than Pacific and non-M, non-P people, and increase gradually. Cancers were causing 29 per cent of deaths in New Zealand. And the Maà ¶ri with cancer have a higher risk of dying than non-Maà ¶ri. Northland had significantly higher cancer death rates than nationally. The reason of the change was unhealthy behaviors can increase the risk of developing cancers. Diabetes For total population and Maà ¶ri, by diabetic 1930-2010 December years in Northland The chart above is drawn up to show the trend between Maà ¶ri and non-Maà ¶ri diabetic during 1930 to 2010. It can be seen that Maà ¶ri are easier to suffer diabetes than non-Maà ¶ri, it has a significant increased from 1930 to 1970, however it begin to drop slowly since 1970, until 2010 it has dropped 15 per cent during ten years. The non-Maà ¶ri population has a significantly increase during 1950 to 1990, after that, it is get effective control in 2010. Even thought, Maà ¶ri population who suffer from diabetic is still higher than non-Maà ¶ri population. Obesity The data below was collected in Adult Nutrition Survey and New Zealand Health Survey. For obesity, age-sex standardized rates per 100,000 ages 1-74 years, 1980-99. The chart above is to show the increase of obesity of two different population compare with Maà ¶ri population from 1980 to 1999. The data was show that during 1980 to 1984 period, the Maà ¶ri and Pacific population are nearly the same, however, from 1985 to 1999, Maà ¶ri population rapidly in creased, especially from year 1985. The growth rate of other two population groups never catch up with Maà ¶ri groups. In traditional approaches to hauora from 1900 to 1940, government continued to subsidies doctors as native medical officers in Maà ¶ri districts, and to supply native school teachers with medicines for their pupils. More and more hospitals were built. They were only partially government-funded, and because of a perception that Maà ¶ri land-owners did not contribute their fair share of rates, there was a tendency for hospital administrators to resent having to admit Maà ¶ri patients. Although levels of immunity to new diseases had increased, and death rates were dropping, poor economic circumstances and unsatisfactory living conditions still made many Maà ¶ri susceptible to ill health. Traditional health practices were still very common in all Maà ¶ri areas. In some districts people were reluctant to participate in any modern health programme, particularly programme that were associated with the government. This was the case in Taranaki and the Waikato, following land confiscations after the 19th-century wars. In the Urewera, too, the prophet Rua KÄâ€Å"nana chose to work for health improvement independently of the government and the Maà ¶ri councils. And also Many Maà ¶ri were suspicious of hospitals, and found them unsympathetic to Maà ¶ri cultural practices and values. A move at this time to establish Maà ¶ri hospitals was unsuccessful. The issues access to primary and secondary health services: New Zealand settlement and the treaty of Waitangi The settlers’ introduction of firearms and new infectious diseases had a major impact on death rates among the Maà ¶ris. However, the historical and socioeconomic context in relation to Maà ¶ri mortality after the colonization of New Zealand, specifically Maà ¶ris’ loss of land, was also important noted that death from disease did not occur to the same extent among those indigenous peoples who kept their land (such as in Samoa and Tonga) as among those who did not, because disruption of their economic base, food supplies, and social networks was far less widespread. For Maà ¶ris, this disruption not only occurred via land confiscation made possible through acts of law but also extended to legislation in many other areas, including regulation of Maà ¶ri rights and discrimination against the use of Maà ¶ri language in schools, all of which have affected the health of Maà ¶ri people Maà ¶ri health status After reaching a low point of approximately 42000 in 1896, the Maà ¶ri population began to increase in subsequent years. Government-initiated public health services and Maà ¶ri-controlled health promotion programs, including the appointment of Maà ¶ri health inspectors to work within Maà ¶ri communities, contributed to this gradual recovery. Also, decreases in mortality were probably influenced by the introduction of a national health care scheme and social welfare system in 1938, along with improvements in treatment methods. Health disparities A number of different explanations have been suggested for the inequalities in health between Maà ¶ris and non-Maà ¶ris. One common suggestion is that these differences are due to genetic factors. However, about 85% of genetic variation occurs randomly and is not related to race or ethnicity. The striking time trends in Maà ¶ri mortality and morbidity during the 20th century demonstrate that environmental factors played the major role. Thus, although genetic factors may contribute to differences in health status between Maà ¶ris and non-Maà ¶ris in the case of certain specific conditions, they do not play a major role in population and public health terms. Socioeconomic Factors The first studies to assess the role of socioeconomic factors and health status differences between Maà ¶ris and non-Maà ¶ris investigated mortality in men aged 15 to 64 years. 21–23 The most recent of these analyses showed that Maà ¶ri men were more than twice as likely as non-Maà ¶ri men to die prematurely; also, mortality rates among Maà ¶ri men were significantly higher in each socioeconomic class grouping, and mortality differences among these men were greater within their own ethnic social class groups as well. Lifestyle factors It can be argued that lifestyle factors, such as smoking, represent one of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors affect health status. However they are interpreted, it is important to consider the extent to which differing lifestyles may account for differences in health status between Maà ¶ris and non-Maà ¶ris. Discrimination The role of discrimination and racism in harming health is not new but has received increasing attention over the past 20 years. The Maà ¶ri Asthma Review reported that conscious or unconscious attitudes of health workers contribute to reluctance by Maà ¶ris to seek medical care for their asthma until it is absolutely necessary. Another study reported barriers to accessing diabetes care among Maà ¶ris, including unsatisfactory previous encounters with professionals and experiences of disempowerment. Doctors have been shown to be less likely to advocate for preventive measures for Maà ¶ri patients than for non-Maà ¶ri patients, and Maà ¶ris may be less likely than non-Maà ¶ris to be referred for surgical care. The interview answer is now analysis as below: The above table was draw up to show the interview answers which related to their primary and secondary health service. Most of the interview were satisfied with the currently health service, they usually visit the GP once a year, and they usually going to a Maà ¶ri primary health provider first when they feel unwell as they are closest, especially, the Maà ¶ri GP is understand their culture. They will to spend more time discussing with patients, and offered special services that they need. They said the service is much cheaper than before. Assessment task 3 – Present Your Findings and Explain aPresent Day Health Priority for Maà ¶ri According to the analysis, the Health services and quality differences may raise inequalities in disease survival rates, but generally not the incidence. For example: The main exception is Cervical cancer, and to a lesser extent, colorectal cancer and breast cancer, wherein Screening can detect precancerous lesions, thus reducing cancer Incidence. For this reason, these diseases incidence of the differences between minority or different ethnic groups to a great extent, reflects the differences in social conditions and way of life, and can be used as a integral or marked differences. Therefore, in these disease incidences trend of inequality analysis can evaluate our success, to reduce social inequality and assist the development of health and broader social policy. This analysis also provides a planning tool, considering the future development and funding cancer services, to the trend of the past to predict the future trajectory. Trend about risk factors, can also be incorporated int o the forecasting model, to improve the accuracy of the prediction. Maà ¶ri health status is generally worse than that of non-Maà ¶ri where information is available. It validates the need to priorities Maà ¶ri health gain and development in order to reduce and eliminate health inequalities that currently exist. The developments of Maà ¶ri health research priorities need much funding to support and big investment of time in a wide range and strict cooperation in wider New Zealand community, policy makers and health workers (including health workers). The role of health researchers will be convenient. Reference: Hawke’s Bay District Health Board (2010), HBDHB Health Status Review: Diabetes http://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=sfrm=1source=webcd=3ved=0CD8QFjACurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawkesbay.health.nz%2Ffile%2Ffileid%2F36070ei=hk5WUu6xM4f2lAWXpYDACQusg=AFQjCNElsdtOGvhoBCBNQCx40rPvYNBnuwsig2=fik4IgIX4RHQc_TCl-FVyQ Ministry of Health (2013), National Cancer Programme: work plan 2013/14, http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/national-cancer-programme-work-plan-2013-14 Ministry of Health (2006), Mortality and Demographic. http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/mortality-and-demographic-data-2006 Ministry of Health (2010), Cancer: New registrations and deaths. http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/cancer-new-registrations-and-deaths-2010 National Ethnic Population Projections: 2006 (base) –2026 http://www.stats.govt.nz/searchresults.aspx?q=Maà ¶ri%20population%20project Health Needs Assessment Northland District Health Board For the Ministry of Health. (n.d.). center for public health research See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.n8DdYfxD.dpuf Core Health (2013) Patient Rights, Retrieved: http://www.gorehealth.co.nz/rights-and-responsibilities/ Melanie Jordan (2008) Supporting Indiciduals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Spectrum Disorders: Quality Employment Practices, Retrieved: http://www.communityinclusion.org/article.php?article_id=266 Appendices YI LI 12010316 1

Georgia OKeefe (includes annotated bibliography) Essay -- art, America

Georgia O’Keefe (word count includes annotated bibliography) Georgia O’Keefe is a famous American painter who painted beautiful flowers and landscapes. But she painted these images in such a way that many people believed she was portraying sexual imagery. â€Å"O’Keefe’s depictions of flowers in strict frontality and enlarged to giant scale were entirely original in character . . . the view into the open blossoms evoked an image of the female psyche and invited erotic associations.† (Joachimides 47) O’Keefe denies these allegations and says that she â€Å"magnified the scale of the flower only to ensure people would notice them.† (Haskell 203) O’Keefe’s artwork was misinterpreted because of cultural prejudice, her non-traditional lifestyle, and gender bias art criticism. But despite these accusations, Georgia O’Keefe’s artwork was not based on sexuality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O’Keefe was born on November 15, 1887 in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Her parents were dairy farmers and throughout her childhood she lived on her family’s farm. Georgia had a rough childhood growing up on the farm. Her mother did not especially like her and when she was not busy ignoring her, she treated her very badly. Although her mother disliked her, Georgia’s father loved her unconditionally and gave her the love her mother deprived her of. But he also molested her, a tramatizing drawback that would follow her for the rest of her life. Although she knew what her father was doing was wrong, she refused to admit this to herself because he was the only loved one she truly had. So, when Georgia’s father left, she was heartbroken (Hogrefe 14). â€Å"The abandonment she must have felt when he left the family had repercussions for the rest of her life as she refused to get close to many of her male companions . . .her closest male friends were homosexual . . . a nd she spurned men who sought sexual intimacy with her.† (15) After her father left, Georgia was sent to live with her aunt who punished her frequently by secluding her in her room and often by slapping Georgia in the face. When she was a teenager she was sent to an all girl’s boarding school. This is where she was finally able to receive art classes and build on her talent. Georgia’s mother did not allow her to be cultured, because it was forever trapped in the ways of the late 1800’s and if you were a lady, it was not worth it (17). Georgia O’Keefe was brought ... ...o capture the true essence of a flower you needed to be able to see it up close for a more personal, intimate effect. To examine something as simple as a flower up close, you only then realize the extreme complexity that makes such an inconsequential thing so beautiful. Robinson, Roxana. Georgia O’Keeffe: A Life. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book goes through Georgia’s life in detail. I found a lot of personal quotes in this book that Georgia said about her work and the criticism it received that really caught my eye. She was very opinionated about her art, but at the same time, she could care less about what any art critic had to say about it. Art critics at the time of her career’s peak were predominantly male and this book expresses the fact that male chauvinism was a huge impact on the criticism of her work. This book also goes into the impression her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia lived in several different parts of America, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, California, New York, etc. and with each move, her style change and reflected this new place. Georgia OKeefe (includes annotated bibliography) Essay -- art, America Georgia O’Keefe (word count includes annotated bibliography) Georgia O’Keefe is a famous American painter who painted beautiful flowers and landscapes. But she painted these images in such a way that many people believed she was portraying sexual imagery. â€Å"O’Keefe’s depictions of flowers in strict frontality and enlarged to giant scale were entirely original in character . . . the view into the open blossoms evoked an image of the female psyche and invited erotic associations.† (Joachimides 47) O’Keefe denies these allegations and says that she â€Å"magnified the scale of the flower only to ensure people would notice them.† (Haskell 203) O’Keefe’s artwork was misinterpreted because of cultural prejudice, her non-traditional lifestyle, and gender bias art criticism. But despite these accusations, Georgia O’Keefe’s artwork was not based on sexuality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O’Keefe was born on November 15, 1887 in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Her parents were dairy farmers and throughout her childhood she lived on her family’s farm. Georgia had a rough childhood growing up on the farm. Her mother did not especially like her and when she was not busy ignoring her, she treated her very badly. Although her mother disliked her, Georgia’s father loved her unconditionally and gave her the love her mother deprived her of. But he also molested her, a tramatizing drawback that would follow her for the rest of her life. Although she knew what her father was doing was wrong, she refused to admit this to herself because he was the only loved one she truly had. So, when Georgia’s father left, she was heartbroken (Hogrefe 14). â€Å"The abandonment she must have felt when he left the family had repercussions for the rest of her life as she refused to get close to many of her male companions . . .her closest male friends were homosexual . . . a nd she spurned men who sought sexual intimacy with her.† (15) After her father left, Georgia was sent to live with her aunt who punished her frequently by secluding her in her room and often by slapping Georgia in the face. When she was a teenager she was sent to an all girl’s boarding school. This is where she was finally able to receive art classes and build on her talent. Georgia’s mother did not allow her to be cultured, because it was forever trapped in the ways of the late 1800’s and if you were a lady, it was not worth it (17). Georgia O’Keefe was brought ... ...o capture the true essence of a flower you needed to be able to see it up close for a more personal, intimate effect. To examine something as simple as a flower up close, you only then realize the extreme complexity that makes such an inconsequential thing so beautiful. Robinson, Roxana. Georgia O’Keeffe: A Life. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book goes through Georgia’s life in detail. I found a lot of personal quotes in this book that Georgia said about her work and the criticism it received that really caught my eye. She was very opinionated about her art, but at the same time, she could care less about what any art critic had to say about it. Art critics at the time of her career’s peak were predominantly male and this book expresses the fact that male chauvinism was a huge impact on the criticism of her work. This book also goes into the impression her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia lived in several different parts of America, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, California, New York, etc. and with each move, her style change and reflected this new place.

Argument Essay Student Samples Corporation Essay

For corporations, sponsoring a school’s sports teams or facilities is a way of community outreach, where for a good turn, a company’s name and logo are disseminated more freely among the populace. For schools, sponsorship is a way to pick up extra cash-to buy books, renovate classrooms or make sure the soccer team has up-to-date equipment. In most public school systems, the taxpayers can’t provide all that. While cities cry foul for the supposed corporate â€Å"brainwashing† that takes place when a business writes a check to a nonprofit, it is quite clear they are the beneficiaries of such generosity. Sure, giving away money is a smart public relations move, as it often garners a newspaper article or two and the logo stamped on a kid’s t-shirt, but this is a far cry from the monopolization of the mind that some are so worried about. Here’s exhibit A. At my high school. The football team wears under-Armour exclusively. AS a bulk package from a smaller company, the athletic department gets a discount, and is able to provide uniforms at considerably lower expenses than if individuals purchased everything on their own. The â€Å"cost† of corporate influence is a small â€Å"UA† under the collar of every kid’s t-shirt, Under Armour’s marketing department gets a slap on the back for successful outreach to an important consumer group, and both sides are satisfied. The relationship is mutualistic the corporate â€Å"parasite† is AWOL. Exhibit B: my previous high school. As a freshman, I attended a small, Catholic school, with a student body of roughly 300 students. What kept the doors open and the lights on was partially from tuition, but that barely made a debt in overall costs. In the gym were about twenty billboards of moderate size with a logo. A phone number, and a tag line for the business that provided financial support to the school. Thanks to the businesses, who gave a little tog et a little, the place was still running last time I checked. Despite these tales of cozy, appropriate relationships between corporate America and America’s schools, sometimes things go too far. In past years,  Coca-Cola held a contest to see which school in Atlanta could produce the most coke â€Å"patriotism†, presumably for a cash prize for the school. One year, two kids wore Pepsi shirts on the designated â€Å"Coke day† and were suspended. Whether it’s the story if the cash strapped school or just overzealous administrators doesn’t matter. Somebody went to far. However, if the tabloids are any suggestion, this doesn’t happen with great frequency. The corporate sponsoring of a TV channel at school meant to solely advertise, or a billboard the size of Texas in the lunchroom, cross the line, but on balance, the relationship is mutually beneficial. Extra money traded for brief recognition at a game or a little embroidery on the back of a t-shirt, most would agree, is worth everyone’s time. As with all things moderation is the key—but none should be denied a new classroom, sports jerseys, or anything else, for that matter because it came from corporate America. Score: 9 Clearly defines the issue of corporate sponsorship for schools Shows a full awareness of the pros and cons of the issue Develops a clear, thoughtful position between extremes Makes effective use of two appropriate and convincing examples based on personal experience Uses syntactically varied and sophisticated language with impressive control throughout The advertisements that corporations place around US schools these days are ubiquitous. Around every corner in a school is vending machines encouraging kids to buy a coke or some other product the machine may sell. The money that comes from these corporate ads maybe helpful in funding the modern school, but has a negative affect on the students that see advertisements every day. A school in today’s society has a huge financial burden placed upon it that corporate money helps ease. School’s have to buy textbooks, computers, over-head projectors , say TVS, maintain the physical condition of the  school and many may other financial costs are needed to support a school. Buy allowing corporations to advertise in the school, funding all the costs of running a modern school becomes possible. Coco Cola has huge, multi-million dollar contracts with many schools and has vending machines in them. Many other corporations like Subway and Chick-Fil-A also pay schools to see their food in the school’s cafeteria’s. The money gained from these contracts allow schools to have desks and chalkboards. And many new modern technological advancements in school materials. Buy advertising for these companies, schools essentially gain the proper funds to function. Although schools are able to provide students with a proper learning environment through corporate funds, the advertisements themselves paradoxily make the school environment less about learning and more about marketing. Students already advertise for companies on their own through the clothing they wear, the shoes they buy, and other commercial products they have in their possession. The advertising in school is only promoting students to buy certain products and only encourages them to let their mentality of consumerism grow. School is about learning and that should be what the aim of a school feels like. Walking to a school should not be like entering a city mall like is today. Students walk around the campus as if it were full of shops and stores; they buy cokes before class or pick up a subway sandwich before the bell rings and next period begins. Schools should not be a zone where consumerism takes the place of learning. A thought on a student’s mind should be â€Å"how do I take the derivative of 3x squared minus 8x?† or â€Å"I really learned a lot from that lecture on Vietnam.† They should not be thinking â€Å"do I have time to buy a coke before 2nd period?† Advertising in the school setting also turns students from children that work on education into marketing groups that companies use to gauge the success of their products. This is essentially what schools have become. Students buy foods and drinks that are there to advertise for certain corporations and depending on what sells and what does not, companies change their products so they will be more affective in making a profit. Students are not test subjects that are meant to be studied. They are the future leaders of the world and should not be labeled as a lain demographic as corporations do by advertising in schools. Focus groups that many companies also use consist of volunteers. Students do not get to choose whether they want to be part of market research or not. They are put in these marketing groups just by going to school. Corporations are changing schools from learning environments to controlled research for their products. Education is the most important aspect of a school and companies and their advertisements are changing this. Students should be able to go to school and learn without being bothered by corporations who only want to gain a profit from these students. Modern schools function today largely in part because of the money they receive from corporations that advertise in them. Bat funding should not take precedence over learning. New ways to give schools an adequate budget need to be explored so schools can once again become a place of education. As schools are now, they are only getting students trapped in the world of consumerism and marketing. Score: 8 Effectively dramatizes the increasing prevalence of corporate ads in schools In paragraph two, explains why corporate sponsorship is increasing In paragraphs three through five, presents and embraces the opposing view, that ads â€Å"make the schools less about learning and more about marketing† Draws upon brief, useful examples of marketing in schools Uses language that is effective and controlled Essay # 3 Corporate partnerships have been becoming much more prevalent in our schools today. The Under Armor logo seems to be on every single baseball, football, and volleyball uniforms even at my own school. The money received by the school for endorsing the company than is used in a variety of ways to improve the school and its facilities. This is why these partnerships have become a necessity for cash-trapped schools. Others, however, frown upon schools, which accept these partnerships, as they believe schools should provide an ad-free environment for the students. Corporate partnerships are beneficial to schools, because they provide the funds to further the students’ educational opportunities and the advertisements have no negative effect on the learning environment. I personally am very familiar with the relationship between schools and â€Å"corporate sponsorships†. Having lived in South Korea for over ten years, I have heard many arguments about the â€Å"special relationship† between schools and sponsors. In South Korea, contributions of huge sums of money to schools by individuals, families, and corporations are prohibited, contrary to American schools. Here in America, universities accept large amounts of donation from outside sponsors in exchange for an easier admission. This is seen as outrageous and corrupt in South Korea. However, I believe that many South Koreans disregard the tremendous benefits that result from these sponsorships . One of the biggest reasons why numerous students, who come from a poor economic background, can even dream about attending colleges is that universities utilize the money received from sponsors to give scholarships. In South Korea, students without money cannot go onto college. The benefits of these corporate sponsorships greatly outweigh the drawbacks. These relationships are greatly help schools of other level such as high schools. Although no many high schools will utilize the money through scholarships (as public schools are free), the money can be used for basic necessities of the 21st century such as up-to-date computers, textbooks, and other school facilities. With these advancements and improvements, students will be able to access more resources and have better chances of success. This is fitting especially for under funded schools across America. These sponsorships could be exactly what they need to lift themselves out of the stagnation they have been trapped inside for numerous years. Corporate logos may distract a student from paying attention in AP English Language and Composition. However, the advertisements’ influence is limited. Seeing products and logos that we as students already see daily outside of school will not have significant effects on the students. Sure, we may choose to drink more Pepsi than coke since we see more Pepsi logos and products at out schools. But what harm is done through that? With the  benefits that can be obtained through sponsorships money greatly overpowering the drawbacks of increase in Pepsi sales, schools should and must be allowed to maintain corporate sponsorships. Score 7 Develops both sides of the corporate partnership issue Contrasts (not altogether clearly) South Korea and US attitudes towards corporate sponsorship Develops an adequate rationale in support of corporate partnership, using appropriate evidence Demonstrates a mature prose style with few lapses Some argue that corporate sponsorship or school exposes students to ads and corporate influence, and that schools should be an envirornment free of these things. However, the money that comes from these corporate sponserships could be extremely important to schools and so these sponsorships do more harm than foul. The real world is full of ads and corporate influence. Even if companies and products were not highlighted in schools, students would be exposed to the same products elsewhere. Marketing is so advanced and successful these days, that a company will do whatever it takes to reach their target market. If their idea benefits a school, why not create a partnership? Also, a school will only allow certain companies to partner with them. A school may be one of the best places for a student to be exposed to ads because they are school appropriate and considered thoughtfully. It is not like Marlboro or Coors are trying to create partnerships with school, so why not expose students to normal companies they might already buy into, and earn money doing it? Partnering with Coca-Cola may establish brand loyalty among teenagers, but it is not introducing them to soft drinks. By high school age, pretty much every American has at least tried a Coke and/or Pepsi. Although the argument promoting corporate sponsorships with school is stronger and has more positive effects, it does have a few instances that  could be argued with. Some could argue that teenage years are too young to be establishing brand loyalty, which is the company’s objective in partnering with the school. Parents could argue that they want their children experiencing different types of soda instead of only drinking the one offered at school. Or buying clothes from other companies. Or listening to other radio stations. Pretty things, that in comparison look even more petty to receiving money for the school, which could go toward computers, more teachers, more supplies, a better school. Regardless of the exposure to ads and corporate influence, partnerships provide money for schools; a way fro schools to improve, and have a more positive, more helpful effect on students. Students are already going to be exposed to companies, regardless of it they are found at their school or on the commercial of their favorite TV show or the bus stopped in traffic in front of their faces. A corporate sponsorship is a smart way for companies and schools alike to get what they want. Score 6: Shows an understanding of the issue and evaluates pro and con adequately Argues that corporate sponsorship will do no harm because ads are pervasive in our society anyway Presents appropriate evidence and reasoning, though without strong, specific examples Uses generally clear prose but contains some syntactic awkwardness and lapses in diction Unfortunately money is needed for the majority of things to be successful. Both public and private schools need money for their various programs and facilities. Corporations for years have sponsored school sports team, but now have moved on to other school facilities and negotiating contracts with food, drink, and clothing companies. While some argue that this is a necessity to pay for certain aspects of the school, others claim that the school environment should be ad and corporate influence free. Corporations should be able to advertise within schools so that school can receive funds. To argue that schools should be corporate influence free one must first evaluate the actual influence ads have. Right now I am in my school’s gym writing this essay and the scoreboard has a Coke logo avout it. Am I really going to go buy a coke after this test just because Coke was written on the wall? No. I do not like coke, nor do I want one. The fact that there is an advertisement above my head does not change the fact that I do not drink soft drinks. Similarly my sister goes to a private school that only sells Pepsi products because of a contract with a Pepsi company. She does not like the taste of Pepsi and is not going to pay money for something she does not want just because it is there. Most people will buy what they need or want regardless of a sign on the wall. For the School newspaper last summer I was required to sell five hundred dollars worth of ads. In every issue the ads are at the bottom of the page, but no one looks at them. Whether or not schools should be ad free is a trivial question because the majority of the people do not notice those ads around them. Since ads do not have a negative influence upon students schools should be able to accept necessary funds from corporations. Without advertisements the newspaper staff I am on could not publish or distribute our paper, sports programs would not have as much money and would not be as efficient, drinks for students would cost more. Corporate support makes things that might have been impossible originally, possible. Corporate funds are necessary for a successful school. Corporate support through advertisements and contracts should be allowed so that schools can attain money needed for various programs. Advertisements have little to no influence on students, but the money they bring in can make a world of difference. Score: 5 Opens with a statement of the basic issue, indication support for corporate sponsorship Acknowledges the opposition to corporate sponsorship in schools but does little to evaluate this position Develops a tenuous argument that is somewhat tangential to the central issue-that ads are acceptable in schools because people don’t pay attention to ads anyway Makes some use of  personal anecdote as evidence Contains language that conveys the writer’s ideas but lacks maturity Advertisements are seen everywhere, everyday and by everyone. They stimulate the economy and make products and services know to the public more and more, companies are sponsoring schools in order to get their product known. Some say that schools should be â€Å"an environment free from ads and corporate influence,† but the ads provide necessary funding for schools which benefits the students. There is not reason there shouldn’t be advertisements in schools. The companies give the school money simply to show their logo or sell their products. The money given to the schools goes towards new computers, new technology and better teacher. If the money is given to the sports teams it goes towards new uniforms, equipment and better coaches. All of these things benefit the student in everyway the student has better resources and is more motivated to do well and succeed. Many schools in less fortunate areas receive a majority of their funds from companies that need to advertise. Say for instance the school needed to make changes or repairs to the facility, where would the money come from? Since the parents, students or community members wouldn’t be able to donate, the companies have to step in. without the corporate funding, repairs to facilities, new technology and better resources become available to the students that otherwise wouldn’t have the access to them. In conclusion, there is no legitment reason that advertisements should not be allowed in schools. It is all around beneficial for the students, teachers, and the school itself. The advertisement or products placed in the schools are informative to the students and staff, and allow east access to the product. If not, the ad can simply be ignored just as in everyday life. The money given to the school greatly outweighs any negative of advertising.  The money allows for better facilities, teachers, resources, and equipment, which enevitably allows the students to do better. Don’t you want your child to succeed? Score 4: Makes an assertion about the pervasiveness of advertising Briefly mentions the view opposing ads in schools but does not evaluate or elaborate on this position Argues in favor of corporate sponsorship but is inadequate because of its simplistic development Prose suggests immature control of language Should corporations be allowed to influence students at school with ads? Schools need money to have certain programs. Corporatiosn are allowed to give schools money to sponsor sports, libraries, music rooms, cafeterias, hallyways and textbooks. It takes a lot of money to have sports teams. Schools have to pay insurance, coachs, buses to take teams to games, repairs in equipment, and buying equipment. Schools also have to pay for extra activities, books, and other expanses. Corporations that sponsor some of these expanses are helping the schools. The only price to pay is logos and ads. Now school is suppose to be a safe learning environment. Children are not suppose to be exposed to other influences while they are learning. Colorful ads and logos are distracting. While schools might need the money, their should be a limit to the inference of some partnerships. Like the soda and chip companies. Vending machines with unhealthy foods should not be allowed in schools. It is a common fact that schools need money and are influenced by their partnerships with corporations. There should be a limit to ads and logos. Having them in gymnasiums and football stadiums is okay. Having them in classrooms and other places in the school where education should be the  primary and only influences is not a position schools should be in. A line needs to be drawn. Score 3: Acknowledges pros and cons of corporate sponsorship but evaluates them inadequately and superficially Moves abruptly from one position (paragraph two) to the next (paragraph 3) Presents a position on the issue, stating that there are some circumstances in which corporate sponsorship is appropriate, others where it is not Contains weak, often labored writing, showing poor syntactic control It is true that corporations have long supported high school athletics. For one, athletics require the most outside money, due to the nature of expenses. Other than that, there is usually nothing corporate about high school. However, that is slowly beginning to change. The extent to which corporate support is unsolved in schools is increasing and is very beneficial to the school. Schools have logos all over. Most advertise â€Å"goings-on† within the school. Others simply say â€Å"THIS IS SPARTA!† And others have corporate backings. These last ones are beneficial to schools in that they draw in money for the school. Budget cuts and things of that nature continuously seem to plague the public school system. Score 2: Demonstrates little success in evaluating and taking a position on corporate sponsorship Substitutes a simpler task than the prompt calls for, merely attempting to explain the need for corporate help rather than developing a clear position Offers little development Shows some syntactic ability but generally weak in control of language Essay # 9 Sponsorships between schools and corporations are indeed beneficial. There are all sorts of expenses to worry about for sports teams, and in turn the partnership helps businesses. The exposure to such business may even influence students who want to pursue a similar career. Advertising plays a vital role in sponsorships. By seeing the logos around school and on uniforms, more customers are brought into business. Score 1: Claims support for corporate partnerships does not develop the position Does not evaluate pro and con Uses simplistic, repetitious language

How to Read a Difficult Book

How to Read a Difficult Book Even if you have lots of experience in reading books, you will still come across a novel thats difficult to get through. You may find yourself  reading slowly because of the subject matter, the language, word usage, or the convoluted plot and character elements. When you are just attempting to get through the book, it may not really matter to you why the book is difficult, you just want to get to the end, so you can move on to your next reading pick. But there are ways to make even the hardest book less of a trial to get through.   Tips to Get Through Hard to Read Books Find your perfect  reading spot - a place where you can be comfortable and read. Figure out what conditions you need to be able to concentrate, study, and read most effectively. It may be easier for you to read at a desk, at a table in a quiet library, outside or in one of those cushy chairs at Starbucks. Some readers cant concentrate when theres any noise around them, while others can read anywhere. Reproduce those ideal conditions - particularly when youre reading a difficult book.Keep a dictionary with you as you read. Look up any words you dont understand. Also, jot down literary references that are escaping you. Are comparisons being made that are escaping your understanding? Look those references up! You may want to avoid using your smartphone for this task to avoid tempting distractions.  Look at how the book is organized by reading through the table of contents and reading the introduction. This may help give you a sense of what material is coming as you read.  Try to avoid skimming as much as possible. If a book is dense or dry it can be tempting to try to get through it as quickly as possible, but skimming can cause you to miss key points that would add to your comprehension.   If you own the book you are reading, you may want to highlight passages that seem important. Otherwise, you can take careful notes, keeping track of quotes, characters, or passages that you might want to return to later. Some readers find that by using flags or page markers, they can more easily find those sections that are essential to an understanding of the book. Keeping notes is a way to help ensure that you really think about what youre reading.  Dont become bleary-eyed. In other words, if the book seems too overwhelming, stop reading for a bit. Take this time to organize your ideas about the book. Write down any questions you have. If the concepts are still too difficult to grasp try talking about it with a friend to flush out what you are thinking (and feeling) about the work.Dont stop reading for too long. It can be tempting to put off finishing the book when the book seems too difficult  but dont give in to that temptation. If you put off continuing your reading for too long you may forget what youve read. Key elements of the plot or characterization may get lost over time so its best to try to keep reading at your usual pace. Get help! If youre still having a difficult time with the book, a tutor might be able to answer your questions. If youre reading for a class, consider talking with your teacher about your confusion. Ask him/her specific questions about the book.

Semantics in Daily Life

Semantics in Daily Life Semantics in Daily Life Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It involves studying how individual words are interpreted, how sentences are constructed and how the way the text is written can be literally interpreted (Foley 15). A good understanding of semantics directly relates to all the academic disciplines of all languages, which will allow one to communicate his or her message with clarity and without fear of misinterpretation. Semantics is important in language acquisition. This discipline, being a concerned with the meaning of words, closely relates to language acquisition. Scientists use the understanding of semantics to gain knowledge on the way language is learned. Language is acquired initially by replicating sounds for verbal speech and replicating images for written speech (Langacker 20). These sounds and images require to be assigned meaning, and this is where semantics comes in. Human beings learn words meanings in a basic way at first, but later more complex meanings emerge as capability with a language grows. Semantics expounds on the different types of meanings existing within a language, as a result offers insight into the way an individual builds ability and understanding of a language. Semantics is important in maintaining the structure of a language. Without it, language would lack structure (Giannini 612). The intrinsic understanding of semantics, which accompanies language acquisition, enables speakers not to string words together without any order. Stringing words in any order would give listeners a hard time trying to derive meaning from sentences. Semantics avails speakers a structure to adopt when slotting words into sentences, thus creating discernable meaning. Semantics is important as it enables scientists and academics to connect language to other disciplines. For example, the study of how language is used is paramount in psychology. The discipline of semantics gives a framework for analyzing and understanding language use, even in contexts of fields outside a strict linguistic area of study. A lot of the meaning attached to language is bestowed through inferences. Human beings write things, and the reader infers the meaning of the write-up basing on information available to him or her. Pronouns are an effective type of inference. For instance in the sentence: Jack went to the market. He brought some mangoes, it is not openly shown that the second phrase refers to Jack. However, the initial sentence allows us to infer that Jack brought the mangoes. This is the use of homophoric reference in the study of deixis(Peregrin 50). Writers as a result must understand some semantics to ensure the proper inference of their meanings. Semantics is also useful in Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Using the characteristic of universe of discourse, search engines attain an understanding of a language, for example English. The engines have an understanding of the synonyms and antonyms of a language (Grdenfors 18). Let us take an example of Google, which uses semantics to relate niches and keywords. Google can develop complex relationships in keywords by using its huge information database. For instance, searching Google for internet marketing services and online marketing will reveal similar results. Search engines use semantics to relate long tail keywords and related keywords, including the long tails of the related keywords. In conclusion, the discipline of semantics is very useful in everyday human partaking.

Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE

Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE Introduction There is need for organizations to understand the composition of international marketing to enable managers come up with successful strategies that can work within the global market. Operation of business activities sometimes takes place in complex environments where the businesses face high risks and uncertainties. This calls for necessary knowledge and skills in marketing and business activities that enables effective competition of the firm with others within the market (Doole and Lowe 3).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketers in sporting events are faced with the challenge of finding out important factors that lure people towards or away from sporting events. High pricing of the tickets is considered one of the major factors affecting match attendance in UAE stadiums. The games receive poor publicity in the medi a leaving the people with the notion that the tickets might be selling at very high prices. There is almost no advertising of these games and considering also that few people are either interested or play the games. The slow processing and sale of tickets is also one of the contributing factors for lack of motivation towards the games within UAE. Also tight security around the stadiums which sometimes leads to confiscation of spectator items is one of the discouraging incidences contributing to low match attendance (AFP 1). The rate at which people attend matches in stadiums is one of the potential sources of revenues. According to Cunningham and Kwon (139), the factors affecting fan turn out should not only be looked at theoretically but should be reviewed practically. There is the problem of marketing sports in UAE due to complexity in consumer behaviours and communication procedures. United Arab Emirates experiences low attendees in stadiums during matches because the people are cultured towards watching cinemas and visiting shopping malls. The attendance to football games have dropped drastically in the recent times with the number recording few hundreds of spectators per match. The entertainment sectors like cinemas are more popular in UAE than the games. This calls for effort by marketers in designing strategies on how to market football culture within UAE. The passion of football need to be restored back to the culture, this can be done through empowerment of youths, and creation of strong relationship between sports heroes and the fans. Concerning the tight security round and within the stadiums, sports management should provide alternatives to fans, like introduction of open glasses of water to the fans (Rivzi 1). Poor promotion of the domestic leagues makes fans not to be informed about the games and the venue of matches. There is need to adopt other marketing mix elements like communication to replace the traditional free entry to football.Advertisi ng Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problem Statement This research seeks to answer the question as to why football fans in United Arab Emirates do not attend matches at the stadium. From the sports administration view the sale of match tickets to fans is one of the important ways of raising revenue and also helps in promoting sporting activities within the country. Literature review There are many factors that affect the level of attendance on matches hosted in stadiums. Cunningham and Kwon (127), showed some factors which include the existing relationship between attitude and the reasons of attending a match. There is suggestion that teams should increase the level of interaction between players and fans. It is also important for teams to advertise their historical background which can act as a pulling factor to some fans. It is the responsibility of sports manageme nt to identify some of phenomenon that goes with sporting events that may be of interest to the satisfaction of fans needs. UAE football association was established in the year 1971 and has since struggled with the issue of maintaining good fan base. The association has so much focused on sponsorship driven football, where they invite European top team players for the purposes of improving public relations between sports and the people (Madichie 308-318). According to Coughlin and Erekson (180-185), football is one of the most attended games and its contribution acts as the primary determinant of revenue contribution to the sporting department. The ability of converting regular attendee of matches in UAE to season ticket holder and attract more fans depends on a number of factors which include the ability to field winning teams (DeSchriver). This seems tricky on the side of administration since it is not easy to maintain winning team on a yearly basis. The sports games must be made more interesting to keep the fans at the level where they long for more of such experiences seasonally. There is also a lot of concern by fans on the physical surroundings of the stadiums and security. According to Bitner (57-71), the physical environment of any sporting stadium matters a lot and determines the level of consumer turn out.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The type of services plays important role towards determining the rate at which consumers frequent the any leisure setting. In applying the type of services concept to social settings, Wakefield and Blodgett (66-71), experimented with two Baseball stadia and found out that most of the fans who commented positively on the quality of type of services were most likely to frequent the stadium for future events. This is contrary to those who had negative comments on the stadia services, since they were less likely to be back for future events. Quality services of a stadium are mostly determined by the crowd capacity it can contain comfortably in one match setting. Other factors like team loyalty were found to be one of the factors that affect fans’ desire to frequent games at given stadiums. There are other variables like parking space, spectators control and the quality of food served within the stadium restaurants. This shows that sports arena is one of the major factors that affect the rate of attendance of matches within stadiums and the decision by fans to purchase more tickets in future games. Study on the attendance behaviour during games is considered to be influenced by psychological, economic and social factors. Kelman’s Functional Psychological theory of attitudinal Influence measures the motivational tools that influences match attendance in stadiums. This theory applies some constructs such as sense of obligation and iden tification with the victory (Kahle, Kambara and Rose, 51-60). Then there is the social theory that uses the concept of casual social nature of human being. This stresses the fact that sporting events should be utilized as places for healthy interactions between people of diverse backgrounds. The games should have clear definitions on the nature of fans and the duration of matches. There should also be clear sense of fanaticism for specified events and enough room for socialization. Boundaries are drawn concerning the level of noise from the crowd within the stadium and the level of interactions between players and fans. Restrictions should be made on some negative behaviour like smoking and high ticket prices (Kahle, Kambara and Rose, 51-60). Hypothesis The rate of attendance in any match in UAE stadiums is dependent on the value fans attach to tickets based on the level of quality entertainment brought by the game There is no relationship between the value of the ticket and the qu ality of entertainment that fans attach to games Research methods Telephone surveys were conducted to randomly selected fans who were asked to explain on what motivates them to attend matches. They were also asked on their frequency on game attendance. Research was conducted on some households to ascertain on the influence of community beliefs on certain aspects of games. This revealed that community disapproval of any game affects the general view and attendance towards the game.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Variables related to stadium services such as parking space, security of fans and quality food were examined. The data was finally analysed using SPSS package which showed any relationship that existed between independent and dependent variables. Correlation research was used to determine the level of similarity between dependent and other independent variables (Gall et al). Correlation is the most preferred method since it helps in revealing the factors that determine frequency of attendance of fans to matches hosted within stadiums. The only disadvantage associated with correlation research design is that it gives more descriptive results than those given by use of experimental methods. Results The findings identified several categories of fans, those who were highly involved in sporting activities, those who are significantly involved and those not very concerned about sporting activities. The first category of highly motivated fans considers matches as point of influence from wh ich they can build their sense of importance. This kind of fan enjoys the matches and appreciates the entertainment that goes with it. In this case the marketers can utilize marketing of specific events with detailed information about the teams to attract such like fans. The second group were found to be attracted by the organization and setting of the stadium during the matches. Then the third group of lowly motivated are only attracted to the game leaders or highly rated players. This calls for marketers to consider serious marketing on league leaders, top scorers or highly rated players. Conclusion There is call for sporting managers to strategise on how to build stadiums that are more comfortable for fans. The stadiums should include adequate ventilation space and temperature regulators that make it conducive for interactions. Marketers should focus on how to provide promotions that enable easy interactions between fans and top players and also create spaces that allow the fans to air their views through media. This helps in promoting fan identification which increases the level of enjoyment that accompanies sporting activities within the stadium. There is need to introduce prize draws for attraction purposes. This is where valuable products are presented to winners at sporting events. Though there is still belief that the best way to attract fans is through signing high profile players and involving participation of top continental teams within the sporting events, the use of incentives is still applicable (Rivzi 1). AFP. Confusion, apathy explains poor games ticket sales. 2010. https://www.emirates247.com/ 26th October, 2010 Bitner, Mary. â€Å"Type of services: The impact of physical surroundings on customers And employees†. Journal of Marketing, 56 (1992): 57-71. Coughlin, Cletus. Homer, Erekson. â€Å"An Examination of Contributions to Support Intercollegiate Athletics†. Southern Economic Journal 51(1984):180-195. Cunningham Kwon. â⠂¬Å"The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Intentions to Attend a Sport Event†. Sport Management Review 6(2003): 127-145 DeSchriver, Timothy. â€Å"Factors affecting spectator attendance at NCAA Division II Football contests†. International Sports Journal, 3(1999):55-65. Doole, Isobel Robin, Lowe. International marketing strategy. South- Western Cengage Learning, London, 2008 Gall, Mark, Wiener, Borg Gall, Cheryl. Educational Research: An introduction (6thed.). White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers USA, 1996. Print Kahle, Lynn, Kambara, Rose. â€Å"A functional model of fan attendance Motivations for college football†. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 5 (1996): 51-60. Madichie, Nnamdi. â€Å"Professional Sports: a new ‘services’ consumption mantra in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)†. The Marketing Review, 9 (2009a): 308-318. Rivzi, Ahmed, 2009, Low attendances are a worry for game in UAE. 2009.  Web. Wakefield Blodgett. â€Å"The importance of typ e of services in leisure Service settings†. The Journal of Services Marketing, 8(1994): 66-76.

What are the management problem faced by NGOs Dissertation

What are the management problem faced by NGOs - Dissertation Example The UN definition of an NGO or a non-governmental organization is a legally established organization formulated by legal persons that functions individually without any assistance from any government. In the cases where NGOs are being funded completely or partly by governments, the NGO will keep its non-governmental standing by eliminating government representatives from participating in the organization (Gamboni, 2006). The word is usually relevant only to organizations that follow some wider social purpose that has political characteristics, but that are not openly political organizations such as political parties. According to a definition by World Bank, the NGOs are "private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development" (World Bank, 2007). A 1995 UN report on the global authority predicted that there are approximately 29,000 international NGOs. National numbers have risen even higher than that: The United States alone has an estimated number of 2 million NGOs, among which most were formulated in the past 30 years. On the other hand, we see that Russia has 65,000 NGOs. Many of the NGOs are created every day. In Kenya only, around 240 NGOs come into being with the passing of every year. Many different types of organizations are now defined as being NGOs. There is no commonly recognized description of an NGO and the word carries diverse meanings in different situations. Nonetheless, there are some important features. Undoubtedly, an NGO must be liberated from the direct control of any government (Lewis, 2006). Also according to Lewis (2006), there are three more widely recognized features that eliminate specific types of bodies from consideration. An NGO will not be established as a political party; it will always remain non-profit-making and it shall never take part in any criminal activities, and most importantly it will be non-violent. These features relate to general usage, because they equal the conditions set for acknowledgment by the United Nations (Lewis, 2006) The borders can sometimes be slightly diminished: various NGOs may in reality be closely related to a political party; many NGOs create revenue from activities that are commercial, predominantly consultancy contracts or publication sales; and a minute number of NGOs may be related to intense political disputes. However, according to Nanda (2010) an NGO is never founded as a government bureaucracy, a criminal association, a party or a rebel group. Thus, an NGO is majorly projected as an autonomous volunteer association of pe ople working together on a constant basis, for some mutual drive, other than attaining government office, generating revenues or taking part in illegal doings. Furthermore, according to Nanda (2010) the term NGO is very comprehensive and includes many different types of organizations. In the arena of development, NGOs vary in size from large charities based in the North such as CARE, Oxfam and World Vision to community-based NGOs in the South.   They also comprise of research institutes, professional associations churches as well as lobby groups. An increasing figure of NGOs are involved in both operational and sponsorship workings. Moreover, some of the advocacy groups, while not being openly involved in planning and executing projects, concentrate on particular project-related concerns (Willitts, 2002). According to Ronalds (2010), NGOs are existent for a range of purposes, typically to promote the political as well as social goals of their associates. The examples of this could include cultivating the state of the natural environment, boosting the adherence of human rights, enlightening the general masses about the welfare of the disadvantaged, or demonstrating on behalf of a corporate agenda. However, there is a plethora of such organizations and their aims cover a comprehensive range of political and philosophical situations. This can

Managing the human resource environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing the human resource environment - Essay Example Human resource management takes the consideration that the workforce is the most important asset that an organization holds and hence it must be given priority for the organization a competitive edge. Human resource management stipulates that having a skilled and well catered for workforce can help an organization to have a competitive advantage that may be difficult for other organization to replicate. Hence human resource department works to develop the workforce of the organization. (David, 1998) Human resource department is bestowed with many responsibilities as far as the development and training of the work force is concerned. First it is given the role of recruitment. It determines the labour need of an organization and carries out recruitment to ensure that it gives the best labour to the organization. Second it is also given the role of staff development and training. Human resource management is given the duty of training and developing the staff. It conducts continuous study of the staff and in work training in order to give the organization a competence work force. Third human resource is given the duty of looking at the welfare of the employees in their work. As such it works for the employees to address various issues that pertains them. Human resource also worked with other department in the organization in order to ensure optimal performance of the employees. Human resource managers must have some basic skills in order to carry out their duties. They must have the necessary organization skills that will help them in coordinating the work of the human resource department. They must understand the workforce very well and understand the difference kinds of people constituting the workforce. As such, they should have an understanding of theories of personality and the psychology of the work force. They must also be skilled counsellors since they will be handling various cases regarding the workforce and even settling disputes between the workforces. In its operation the human resource management is faced with many challenges. The management of the workforce is faced by many constrains. The integral of the function of the human resource department with other department is one of the areas posing greater challenge. This is due to many areas of conflict concerning the function of the departments. Handling of employees is another challenging area in the department. Many of the employees who feel patronage in the organization sometimes fails to recognize the authority of the department in carrying out its functions. Acting as s mediator between the organization employees and the administration, the department is faced with the challenge of harmonizing the needs of both parties. Sometimes it finds it difficulty to lean on one side of to take side on the issue so as not to appear as partisan. (Dudik, 2000) But strategic human resource management has and other human resource management strategy has been applied in a creative way in order to address some of these challenges. The organization has been able to come up with at strategic resource management place the addressed the need of the employees and at the same time address the need of the organization. Strategic human res

Presenting the Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Presenting the Budget - Essay Example The payment of taxes is evident in all countries. The amount of taxes increase or decrease as the tax regimes changes over the years. The tax percentage is set by the government so as to take care of the deficit that prevails in the economy. From the Five Year Financial Plan it is observed that the taxes payment is expected to rise over the years from 2012 to 2016 (New York City, 2012). This is an implication that general property and other taxes will increase with rise in number of households in New York City. Other taxes include the taxes paid by the employees of different organizations, taxes paid by the general small stores and large business. With the increase in number of business and stores the other taxes will rise at a great extent. The sub-total taxes will thus rise automatically with the passage of time. The revenue that is collected by New York City are also predicted, however the amount is expected to decrease of the years. The reason behind this decrease can be portraye d as the fluctuating exchange rate and bank rates. The saturated disposable income of the people in New York can also be a vital reason for the decrease in miscellaneous revenue of the city. The intra-city revenue is deducted from the total miscellaneous revenue so as to highlight the decrease or increase of the available fund for the city welfare (Page, 2013). The other categorical funds and inter-fund revenues are very important, these values are mandatory for the development of the city. The Federal and state Categorical Grants are also mandatory for the city as it governs the welfare of the city. It can be predicted that the total revenue of the city will increase over the years (New York City, 2012). Expenditure is evident to take place in every household and it is expected that it will rise over the years as the needs and demand of the individuals are changing with the passage of time. The demand for new product or

Small business taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Small business taxation - Essay Example Similarly, some activities of the incorporated may be economically similar to those of the unincorporated small businesses. These activities may be similar in economic terms but they are different legally and in terms of rights and obligations. Crawford and Freedman suggest that these different types of entities could be treated in the same way for tax purposes, but it may not be achievable to do so in a straight forward manner because differences in legal forms between such entities have significant practical implications on taxation. Some of the treatments of taxation of employees and self-employed people may be based on receipts and tax rates. Providing the same tax treatment in relation to receipts may not be possible because receipts vary in nature (Crawford & Freedman, 2008). Business receipts cannot be equated to employees’ receipts. Business receipts need to be treated under rules that may derive profit figure. Furthermore, receipts of companies still require to be deducted for the payment of salaries or shareholders’ dividends. In terms of similar tax rate across the small business spectrum, aligning tax rates to on different levels of income across the incorporated and unincorporated small businesse s requires the analysis of tax charged at both corporate and personal level. This is structurally difficult. The second reason why it is not possible to treat the two types of entities similarly in terms of tax rates and receipts for taxation purposes is because there is a trend in which labour is taxed differently from capital. Higher taxes are often levied on labour than on capital. This causes differentials in tax treatment for different small businesses. Due to this differential in tax rates, there is an incentive of reduced taxes for converting labour income into capital income if possible (Crawford & Freedman, 2008). Incorporation of a small or big business leads to higher scope of conversion of labour income such

Marketing Strategies Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Strategies Proposal - Essay Example They strive to create and maintain good relations with their customers all the time (Kerin, et al, 2006). Researches carried out recently indicate that most people hold the company image very high. The Apollo Group explains that most people showed their satisfaction to the locations of the company stores as well as the stores’ atmosphere. Moreover, they embraced the company’s selection of products by agreeing that they got the value of their money. Though many people expressed a feeling of dissatisfaction when it came to the display of the merchandise, they concurred that the merchandise they bought gave them contentment. Quite a good number of the customers felt that the company’s customer representatives related to them well although they never had enough knowledge in their field (Kerin, et al, 2006). Finally, the research indicated that majority of the customers were in favor of the company. From the data provided from the study one can generally say that the company has a good position in the market. The Apollo Group suggests that at least majority of the customers were contented with most company products and services. From the study, one can conclude that the company has embraced customer satisfaction through provision of a variety of products, making the stores convenient to the customers, provision of valuable goods and creating a customer friendly environment within the stores. Unfortunately, the company has its weaknesses as well for instance the display system which is a very strong marketing strategy was criticized (Kerin, et al, 2006). Moreover, the company’s customer representatives seem not to be giving their customers sufficient information that they need. The studies conducted recently about the company seem to portray similar characteristics. Kerin, et al (2006) suggests that generally almost all of them indicate an overall satisfaction with the company with the most praised company trait being production of a

Business accounting - Lampeter Builder's Merchants Essay

Business accounting - Lampeter Builder's Merchants - Essay Example Vehicle running expenses 44,000 Electricity 3,000 Insurance 15,000 Stationery 2,000 208,000 Net profit 540,000 (2) Profit and Loss Statement LAMPETERS BUILDERS MANAGEMENT BALANCE SHEET AS AT MARCH 31, 2011 Amount in ? Non-Current Assets Fixed Assets (Cost) 200,000 Accumulated Depreciation (100,000) Fixed Assets (WDV) 100,000 Current Assets Trade debtors 18,000 Bank (9,000) Closing Stock 478,000 Total Assets 587,000 Current Liabilities Trade creditors 43,000 Capital 28,000 Drawings (24,000) Profit for the year 540,000 Total Equity and Capital 587,000 (3) Value Added Taxation Research The prime resource for research was the website ‘HM Revenue and Customs’ Planning and ordering What are the prevailing VAT rates in UK What rates are applicable on the business that the company is currently engaged in What are the methods and procedure of filing the VAT returns How the VAT is calculated What are the deadlines for submission of the return Presentation VAT is applicable on diff erent rate depending on the type of Goods and services offered by the company. In addition, there are some goods and services that are exempted from VAT. The VAT rates are divided into three segments Standard Rate 20 per cent Reduced Rate 5 per cent Zero Rate 0 per cent [1] Since the Company, Lampeter Builders’ Merchants is involved in the construction and material business, the following rates are applicable on the company Type of work VAT rate Construction of a new house or flat zero Converting a building into a house or flat reduced rate Renovating or altering an empty house or flat reduced rate Supplying and installing certain mobility aids for elderly people reduced rate Supplying and installing certain energy saving materials and equipment reduced rate Supplying and installing certain...VAT is applicable on different rate depending on the type of Goods and services offered by the company. In addition, there are some goods and services that are exempted from VAT. The VAT rates are divided into three segments Standard Rate 20 per cent Reduced Rate 5 per cent Zero Rate 0 per cent [1] Since the Company, Lampeter Builders’ Merchants is involved in the construction and material business, the following rates are applicable on the company At the end of every three months, the company already registered for VAT needs, to file a quarterly VAT return. The return can be filed either electronically or through paper returns. The returns, after properly completing are then sent to the following address

Small business taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Small business taxation - Essay Example Similarly, some activities of the incorporated may be economically similar to those of the unincorporated small businesses. These activities may be similar in economic terms but they are different legally and in terms of rights and obligations. Crawford and Freedman suggest that these different types of entities could be treated in the same way for tax purposes, but it may not be achievable to do so in a straight forward manner because differences in legal forms between such entities have significant practical implications on taxation. Some of the treatments of taxation of employees and self-employed people may be based on receipts and tax rates. Providing the same tax treatment in relation to receipts may not be possible because receipts vary in nature (Crawford & Freedman, 2008). Business receipts cannot be equated to employees’ receipts. Business receipts need to be treated under rules that may derive profit figure. Furthermore, receipts of companies still require to be deducted for the payment of salaries or shareholders’ dividends. In terms of similar tax rate across the small business spectrum, aligning tax rates to on different levels of income across the incorporated and unincorporated small businesse s requires the analysis of tax charged at both corporate and personal level. This is structurally difficult. The second reason why it is not possible to treat the two types of entities similarly in terms of tax rates and receipts for taxation purposes is because there is a trend in which labour is taxed differently from capital. Higher taxes are often levied on labour than on capital. This causes differentials in tax treatment for different small businesses. Due to this differential in tax rates, there is an incentive of reduced taxes for converting labour income into capital income if possible (Crawford & Freedman, 2008). Incorporation of a small or big business leads to higher scope of conversion of labour income such

Business accounting - Lampeter Builder's Merchants Essay

Business accounting - Lampeter Builder's Merchants - Essay Example Vehicle running expenses 44,000 Electricity 3,000 Insurance 15,000 Stationery 2,000 208,000 Net profit 540,000 (2) Profit and Loss Statement LAMPETERS BUILDERS MANAGEMENT BALANCE SHEET AS AT MARCH 31, 2011 Amount in ? Non-Current Assets Fixed Assets (Cost) 200,000 Accumulated Depreciation (100,000) Fixed Assets (WDV) 100,000 Current Assets Trade debtors 18,000 Bank (9,000) Closing Stock 478,000 Total Assets 587,000 Current Liabilities Trade creditors 43,000 Capital 28,000 Drawings (24,000) Profit for the year 540,000 Total Equity and Capital 587,000 (3) Value Added Taxation Research The prime resource for research was the website ‘HM Revenue and Customs’ Planning and ordering What are the prevailing VAT rates in UK What rates are applicable on the business that the company is currently engaged in What are the methods and procedure of filing the VAT returns How the VAT is calculated What are the deadlines for submission of the return Presentation VAT is applicable on diff erent rate depending on the type of Goods and services offered by the company. In addition, there are some goods and services that are exempted from VAT. The VAT rates are divided into three segments Standard Rate 20 per cent Reduced Rate 5 per cent Zero Rate 0 per cent [1] Since the Company, Lampeter Builders’ Merchants is involved in the construction and material business, the following rates are applicable on the company Type of work VAT rate Construction of a new house or flat zero Converting a building into a house or flat reduced rate Renovating or altering an empty house or flat reduced rate Supplying and installing certain mobility aids for elderly people reduced rate Supplying and installing certain energy saving materials and equipment reduced rate Supplying and installing certain...VAT is applicable on different rate depending on the type of Goods and services offered by the company. In addition, there are some goods and services that are exempted from VAT. The VAT rates are divided into three segments Standard Rate 20 per cent Reduced Rate 5 per cent Zero Rate 0 per cent [1] Since the Company, Lampeter Builders’ Merchants is involved in the construction and material business, the following rates are applicable on the company At the end of every three months, the company already registered for VAT needs, to file a quarterly VAT return. The return can be filed either electronically or through paper returns. The returns, after properly completing are then sent to the following address

The Tournament Essay Example for Free

The Tournament Essay If you have ever regretted volunteering for a task, but had to continue, despite this, you will know how I felt, as I boarded the coach that would take me to the venue of the chess tournament. It was an all-consuming, unforgettable, always nagging sort of worry: that I would bring about my own humiliation as I lost game by game at the prestigious tournament. No. Not a worry but a certainty. For I had not practised once in the past months, while in my prime, it was normal for me to spend a couple of evenings per week at a board, revising combinations. Yes, it was this lack of practice that troubled me to the very core, that I would disappoint my team and be humiliated for it. So the odour of the garbage on the coach had little effect on me, as I contemplated the nature of the disgrace that I would bring upon myself. In an attempt to banish these thoughts from my head, I brought out my reading book, which I soon immersed myself in, but the cheers and chit chat from my team mates as the coach started could not be ignored. As I snapped out of my ponderous trance, I became aware of the true stench of this appalling place where rotten eggs and ham from long forgotten packed lunches lay neatly stacked under the seats and the random splodges of yogurt were spread over the once-fine seat covers. But as the hours passed, none of these were noticed as my nose grew accustomed to the constant whiff, and my eyes remained firmly fixed on the pages of my book. It was finally four hours later that we pulled into the drive of the B B where we would stay. Just one more night till I would be a humiliated man My first match of the next day started and ended badly. I was to play against a boy of no more than 8, who sat precariously on the very edge of his seat, with legs dangling aimlessly under the table. His age and the innocent gaze gave me hope that I could at least secure 1 point for my team. But I was wrong, very wrong. As he made his first moves, I saw he was no novice and despite my best efforts, my fiendish foe struck mercilessly, felling my pieces one by one. It was an uphill struggle, a battle I could not win and yet I tried, while to my annoyance, he squealed with delight after each capture in a childlike manner, though he had the skill of double his apparent age. I can tell you this was terribly shocking. So there was no surprise when he finally delivered checkmate, though while we did this, I dreaded the teases I would be sure to receive as the result of this lost battle, especially due to my opponents age. As I stepped from the room, my fears were confirmed. My humiliation had begun. My next match went just as badly. Still in a daze from the jests endured, my head spinning, as I tried desperately to win against my unsympathetic opponent. But my efforts were to no avail, as I lost, even more swiftly than before. But my thoughts cleared as I left the tournament room: one round to make a win. One round to avoid disgrace! After my disastrous rounds, I expected nothing more than another loss from equally capable opponents, knowing my fate for humiliation had been sealed the moment I agreed to come. But my next opponent was not something I could have anticipated given even the wildest imagination. Like a giant, he towered over the board, but it was not his height which troubled me but his bulk. His fat bulged in great flabs so that I felt he might burst and his slow, lumbering walk scarcely surprised me. One could tell clothes were not made to his size; the Nike logo on his shirt was stretched into a thin line while his fat writhed under his tight top as he reached out to move his piece. I made no mistake in underestimating my opponent this time, however, it was soon clear he was less gifted than the child prodigy I had played the first round. But there was still something strange about the game play, there was something about the way we played in his shadow that unnerved me, and before long, I once more felt myself sailing against the wind in this battle of mine. But as does a wounded animal strike back, so did I, knowing the fate that would come to me if I lost this match. But then, my silent prayers were answered: in the form of the biggest blunder I had ever seen at this level of play, and I pounced upon it, like a hungry wild cat as he throws himself on a mouse. The tide had changed, and I finished him off easily. The victory was mine, no disgrace for me.

Theory of electromyography

Theory of electromyography Theory of Electromyography Electromyography is a discipline that deals with the detection, analysis and use of electrical signal that emanates from skeletal muscles. The electromyography is studied for various reasons in the medical field. Even a superficial acquaintance with scientific literature will uncover various current applications in fields such as neuro physiology, kinesiology, motor control, psychology, rehabilitation, medicine and biomedical engineering. The EMG signal is the electrical manifestation of the neuromuscular activation associated with the contracting muscles. The signal represents the current generated by the ionic flow across the membrane of the muscle fibers which propagates through the intervening tissues to reach the detection surface of the electrode located in the environment. It is an exceedingly complicated signal which is affected by anatomical and physiological properties of muscles and the control scheme of the nervous system, as well as characteristics of the instrumentation used to detect and observe it. Most of the relationships between the EMG signal and the properties of contracting muscles that are currently in use have evolved serendipitously. The lack of proper description of the EMG signal is probably the greatest single factor that has hampered the development of electromyography in to a precise discipline. APPLICATIONS: To test the nerve and muscle activity To determine nerve conduction velocity to test nerve damage/compression To obtain firing characteristics of nerves. Analysis of motor unit action potentials To analyze the extent of nerve damage, muscular damage It is useful for gym trainees and sport persons to evaluate growth and development of specific muscles. It is useful for energy/fatigue analysis of industrial workers for time-motion-rest cycle evaluation for an efficient working environment. Usually passenger pilots are checked for their EMG levels before they take up a flight in order to ensure fatigue level of the pilot is at safe level. MUSCLES: About 40% of the human body is skeletal muscles and another 10% is smooth muscles of internal organs and cardiac muscles from the heart. Here we are interested in characterizing the function of skeletal muscles. The primary function of skeletal muscles is to generate force. Because of this, they are excitable. Thus skeletal muscles have 2 fundamental properties. They are excitable(able to respond to stimulus) and contractible(able to produce tension).A skeletal muscle consists of numerous fibers with diameters ranging from 10 to 80 Â µm. Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of myofibrils .Each myofibril has about 1500 myosin filaments and 3000 actins filaments lying side by side. Cell Potential: The nervous system is comprised of neuron cells. Neurons are the conducting elements of the nervous system and are responsible for transferring information across the body. Only these and muscle cells are able to generate potentials and therefore are called excitable cells. Neurons contain special ion channels that allow the cell to change its membrane potential in response to the stimuli the cell receives. Receiving Potential: All cells in the body have a cell membrane surrounding them. Across this membrane there is an electric charge referred to as the resting potential. This electric impulse is generated by differential ion permeability of the membrane. In the cells, potassium (k+) channels allow diffusion of k+ ions out of the cell while Sodium(Na+) ions diffuse in to the cell. This Na+-K+ pump, which requires ATP to operate, pumps two K+ ions in to the interior of the cell for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out. K+ and Na+ ions are continuously diffusing across the membrane from where they were just pumped, but at a slower rate. Since there are more K+ ions inside the cell than outside, a potential exists. Action Potential: Some cells, such as skin cells are not excitable. Other cells such as nerve and muscle cells are excitable. When a simulating electric field acts on an excitable cell, the Na+ permeability increases, Na+ enters the cell interior and the entering positive charge depolarizes(reduces to approximately zero),the transmembrane potential. Later the K+ permeability increases and K+ ions flow out to counter this effect. The Na+ gates close followed by the K+ gates. Finally, the resting potential is regenerated. The action potential lasts about 1ms in nerves and about 100 ms in cardiac muscle. It propagates in nerves at about 60 m/s and carries sensations from the periphery toward the brain via sensory nerves. Through motor nerves, the brain commands muscles to contract. We can calculate the action potential propagation velocity v=d/t where Figure shown here represents the role of voltage-gated ion channels in the action potential. The circled numbers on the action potential correspond to the 4 diagrams of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in a neurons plasma membrane. Motor Unit: The most fundamental unit of a muscle is called the Motor Unit. It consists of an alpha-motoneuron and all the muscle fibers that are enervated by the motoneurons branches. The electrical signal that emanates from the activation of muscle fibers of a motor unit that are in the detectable vicinity of an electrode is called MOTOR UNIT ACTION POTENTIAL (MUAP).This constitutes the fundamental unit of the EMG signal. A Schematic representation of the genesis of a MUAP is presented above. There are many factors that influence the shape of MUAP. Some of these are The relative geometrical relationship of the detection surface of the electrode and the muscle fiber of the motor unit in its vicinity. The relative position of the detection surfaces to the innervated zone, which is the region where the nerve branches contact the muscle fibers. The size of muscle fibers, because amplitude of individual action potential is proportional to the diameter of the fiber, and The number of muscle fibers of an individual motor unit in the detectable vicinity of the electrode. The last two factors have particular importance in clinical applications. Considerable work has been performed to identify morphological modifications in the MUAP shape resulting from modifications in the morphology of the muscle fibers or the motor unit such as regeneration of motoneurons. Although usage of MUAP shape analysis is common practice among neurologists, interpretation of the result is not always straight forward and relies heavily on the experience and disposition of the observer. To sustain muscle contraction, the motor unit must be activated repeatedly. The resulting sequence of MUAPs is called Motor Unit Action Potential Train(MUAPT).So, EMG signal can be synthesized by linearly summing the MUAPTs as they exist when they are detected by the electrode where mathematically generated MUAPTs are added to yield the signal at the bottom. MUSCLE CONTRACTION: As an action potential travels along a motor nerve to muscle fibers, it initiates an action potential along the muscle fiber membrane, which depolarizes the muscle fiber membrane and travels with in the muscle fiber. The Subsequent electro-chemical reaction with in the muscle fiber then initiates attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments and causes them to slide together. This mechanism produces muscle contraction. Tension is developed in the muscle as it contracts. There are 3 types of contraction Isometric Concentric Eccentric Isometric or Static Contraction means a muscle contracts without change in its length. Concentric Contraction occurs when a load is less than the isometric force produced by the muscle and the load shortens the muscle. Eccentric Contraction occurs when the load is greater than the isometric force and elongates the contracting muscle.